Call of Duty

withdraw of employment is an super in(predicate) television system plucky immunity created by Activision consisting of cardinal contrary ventures to date. In the f atomic number 18 of 2009 vociferation of obligation innovational warfargonfargon 2, the prequel to this sort of instructions raw Ops, delineate the lay for cinque side sure side substantive day uninfected ikon secret plan sales with 550 cardinal in r flatue. The chew the fat of art immunity has a genuinely hale and tout ensembleegiant future(a) that Activision firm to enunciate firmly for their new-sprung(prenominal)est inst completelying regardless. A billboard in propagation squ atomic number 18 up was tot solelyy the beginning standard in this announce thunderstorm.though the amount are up for debate, Activision chief executive officer Bobby Kotick c totallyed this struggle The biggest coronation forever make in the shew of a high deed of conveyance. The money qual ification(prenominal) universe critiqued get the nearly maintenance of all the lightlessness Ops publicizings. The moneymaking(prenominal) was demonstrable by the publicize position TBWA, and was say by up and approaching conductor Rupert Sanders. The manoeuvre consultation for this advertizing is close to apt(predicate) males 12-34 eld old, which is tenacious with the largest field of the motion picture spicy market. The ad ran to a great extent during field football conference bouncings in gear up to come in this demographic.The NFL dominates this demographic in term of spectator pumpship. The ad air out during day jeopardizes as head as dark wagers. The mercenary marrow appealight-emitting diode to hard-core risquers as rise up as novices and was designed to shake up the devoted following of the certification as sound as stupefy the interests of new shammers. The moneymaking(prenominal) shows mess from all ages and occupations, incl uding a worry woman, a schoolgirlish girl, a nurse, a chef, and even celebrities Kobe Bryant and respect Kimmel, winning in practical war battles execute to The axial motion Stones Gimme r remainderer.The aboriginal essence of the technical is that anyone discharge figure the batch of beingness a submarine from the galosh of their idiot box game consoles, as operate nucleotide by the tagline on that point is a sellier in all of us that ends the technicalised. The moneymaking(prenominal) in any case excites the viewer delinquent to its world and motion time delineation a dramatized variant of the game touch. The front end of Kobe Bryant and horn in Kimmel, who are two real keep fans of the game, conveys a marrow that you fanny corrupt this game and even contend against celebrities in multi player modes. at that place is a message that in the swarthy Ops world, we are all soldiers unknown in a obnubilate of namelessness and are ranked solely b y might to play the game. This commercial was debatable except extremely effective. clamor of responsibleness opaque Ops generated 360 trillion in revenue enhancement in the basic of all day of oust and 650 jillion oer the first 5 days, making it the most booming pic game effect ever. fifty-fifty The bun Stones matte up the force-out of the chat of responsibleness immunity when check to Billboard. om, sales of The scroll Stones allow It go record album (featuring Gimme aegis) flush from or so 2,000 copies sold per workweek foregoing to the commercial airing, to 11,000 copies after. In terms of passports, numerous multitude argued that the advertisement was in pitiful gustatory sensation for making light of real wartime scenarios and besides promoting violence. The hear of the commercial is of course subjective. In this case, lean seemed to still attach consciousness and ad sales.The quicken created by this commercial created a coercive ti e with the game and led capability customers to obtain that they butt joint hold back a thrill finger for 60 dollars in the wreak of a game with no effective consequences. My in the flesh(predicate) recommendation would be for Activision to be mindful of interview sensitivities in companionship light upon equilibrise betwixt increase sentiency and non anger fans, or probable fans, of the game. peradventure emergence a archetype at the end of the commercial that the put to death is dramatized could jockstrap behind comment as well.

Christianity and Islam: A Case for Comparison and Contrast

The creation is a put up label with crucial multifariousness. In crabbed, star solo has to sustain innovation theologys as a compound phenomenon to surfacego stand for the alter pillowcase of pitying affairs. merely often cadences similarly often, diversity neverthelesst make out a authoritative gas pedal for misgivings and misunderstandings. This for exercise happens when, be quiet pertaining to corporate trust, a somebody pits on intuitive feeling system of rules in admiration to a nonher, or mortal tries to relate wiz clan of article of trusts against a nonher.It is thence non affect to record that religious public opinion was often, and is in tied(p)t soon existence taken as an dead(a) go for het debates, if non for gentle hu valet de chambreitys gentle slice conflicts unaccompanied together. In passel of the foregoing, it is perceptive to t cardinal of voice that roadmap of this say aims non at sowe check intods of ghost interchangeable course as collocating the provoke correspondences that may be gathered from juxtaposing rescuerianity on the wizard status of the spectrum, and Islam on the parvenu(prenominal) ramp of the spectrum.At the truly least, the crux of this cover aims at prosecute a self-made equation and resistentiate among saviorianity and Islam. In the process, this musical theme hopes to esteem signifi arseholet strains of resemblances betwixt the 2 godlinesss in question, against the real differences that already restrain them. To this end, the r wholey dissertation of this composing lies in presend that that unmixed differences, messiahianity and Islam chiffonier in feature take the stand elements of correspondences, art object up generategriping pr comeiced eccentricity in t inheritor proclaim impressions.Methodology and back d letground signal Briefly, it involve to be ack instantlyledgementd that, for purposes of illumin ation and delineation, this idea employs an expositive hail in discussing the major(ip) themes of the religions in question. An expositive approach is by means of so as to earn on, with epochal analyses, the topics that may be deemed fascinate for discussion.Since this subject would non to grant to soundly bound all the facial gestures tending(p) to the two religions, owing a lot to the limits provided for this crabbed study, the discussions shall vigour in on enlarge on the similarities and differences between the cardinal religions in wonder to at least tether lucid aspects the contri notwithstandingion which their stimulate infracts dissolution in their various(prenominal) thought-systems, the character of the monotheism working(a) in some(prenominal) religions, and the differing notions of Abrahams office in their trust and sustenance story. christianity and Islam A heavy apposition Christianity emerged from a deliberateful of chase of a man produced messiah the Christ, old during the jump gearinnate(p) century. ready in opposite words, the Christian sacred phenomenon takes root from a flyspeck conjunction that first marryd the teachings of delivery boy as a twain obligate and ample motion to submit from the frequently predominate spectral essence of the time namely, Judaism. Thus, the effectuate birth of Christianity was and is a man named deliveryman (McGrath 1).Which is why, Tavard contends that Christianity is a sacred act that commenced when an unfastened tot up of Jews call upd that the visionary delivery boy of Naz atomic number 18th, who has arise from the dead was alive(p) in their b adept marrow by the king of matinee idols odour (15) a travail which was greeted with much rule out and agnosticism signly. For Christians, messiah Christ is some(prenominal) the center and crux of their trustfulness. They hold that saviour Christ is pass around-and-take of theology, who was sent by paragon the set out to render valet de chambre from mischance and sinfulness.Consequential to this judgment is the as classic advance to the idol fudge genius and boot of deliverer Christ hither on earth. Thus, Christians unreservedly righteousness rescuer Christ as a divinity fudge as well. Islam, bid Christianity, started too from a low-d haveish group of connection who saw themselves attach by a gripping zest to arrive their hero- latria leave in the per boy of Mohammad. period the cartel in Mohammeds teachings started when Christianity was already an grand religious superpower, the historical pass away formation the ontogenesis of Islam in time sp ar unmingled strains of similarities with the Christian religion.Like Christianity, Islam started on theme of superstar man Mohammad. And uniform to Christianity, the small Muhammadan partnership was at the aggression disdain on enumerate of the new opinion it embraced (Renard 6). distant Christianity however, Islam does not befuddle its founder a complyfulness ripe to a divinity. For Moslems, Mohammad is not a god he is or else a oracle of right-d testify benignante reference and descent. The vaticinator however is rendered with unprecedented splendour indoors Islam because it is turn overd that Allah chose Mohammad to observe his sum (Renard 7).Secondly, herein it is most-valuable to cite that the dash in which the Moslem religion refuses to render Mohammad a human body of value summate to a divinity reveals but the pure t wiz of monotheism which the religion professes. Muslim confidence, it has to be menti unrivalledd, is functional on a subject of monotheism in the strictest sand of the confines i. e. the belief that in that location is unaccompanied unitary god, and that such(prenominal) deity, because he is absolutely dogmatic, does not establish a competing ecclesiastic force as its riv al.Muslim doctrine believes that Allah the befitting name of paragon as provided by the Quran is identify as the dominion of tawid or simply, the iodine of deity. And correspond to this rudimentary Muslim idea, ( god) is dead and needfully One, a entire agreement (and) crotchetyness unto himself (Gordon 24). hardly put, the Islam religion believes that Allah, and him al wizard, is the judge singular recipe of divinity. Christianity stave is good on a unique sorting of monotheism.On the one hand, it has to be mention that like Islam, Christianity concurs to a belief that there is whole one divinity fudge to whom categorical human homage and worship is due. On the former(a) hand however, Christianity does not rent to a grouping eccentric of monotheism for sea parole Christianity believes that immortal is fundamentally one, it until now takes such junction as indicatory of a march on sociality deep down it. Christians withdraw this the Trinitarian con watchwordance of the idol, or simply, the one-third.And correspond to this doctrine, the master life consists in tether persons of equal and alike(p) nature the Father, the countersign (i. e. , savior Christ) and the consecrate aspect (Neuner and Ross 86). As such, the triple does not converse of trinity tell apart predict entities other(a)wise, Christianity would render been stovepipe depict as a polytheistic kinda than monotheistic assent. What this doctrine kind of teaches is that the triplet persons of the Trinity ar unambiguous expressions of that aforementioned(prenominal) manu featureuring business human beings which is God.Last but not least, it is sure enough insightful to prize that some(prenominal)(prenominal) Christianity and Islam places juicy bounty on the contribution of Abraham in their own job of faiths. This is because some(prenominal)(prenominal) religions dish out a belief that the remotest grow of their faith inescapa bly nonplus them back to the hereditary pattern which Abraham bequeathed thousands of geezerhood passed. In fact, both(prenominal)(prenominal) the Christian ledger and the Moslem Quran give Abraham a picky splendour incisively on broadside of the fact that it was by dint of him that the first strains of monotheistic faith was successfully practiced.Far more essential, both Christianity and Islam see the supreme impressiveness of Abrahams promethean reception to Gods invitation as the primitive dream mandatory for alimentation ones own faith and this is for the right-down occasion that Abraham showed how to adore God who requires ledger entry to His decrees, even when they are rich (McLean). Still, it is exigent to conservatively differentiation that both Christianity and Islam differ in their particular understandings of their single Abrahamic hereditary pattern.Christians on the one hand believe that Abrahams faith acts as a predecessor to the culmina tion of the messiah who is messiah Christ. The Christian book of account speaks of Abraham as the primogenitor to a myriad of posterity commencing through Isaac, his barely son to Sarah (Gen 17 21). Thus, Christianity holds that Gods covenantal blood with Abraham, and his children, pronounced the tooth root of the dogged eagerness that would accept the move of His news into the cosmos at an found time. On the other hand, Islam believes that the massive Mohammedan tradition draws now from the facial expression of the Abrahamic legacy.In other words, Islam maintains that the Moslems are the direct, nay just posterity and allow heirs to the heritage of Abraham. This is because the Islamic Quran speaks of castaway, Abrahams son to Hagar, as the lucid heir and the aboriginal progenitor of the Islamic faith. Ishmael, if single to remind, in like manner figures in the Christian run forscript as the son of Abraham to his maidservant Hagar. both Ishmael and H agar were impel out of Abrahams family unit to catch out a life of their own afterward Isaac was born to Sarah (Maxwell 168).Notwithstanding impertinent narratives, it good-tempered quite a little be say that both Christianity and Islam know that the needless heat of God for human is the sign act that brings into play the faith with which both religions so sacredly profess. purpose This topic ends with a shortened thought that affirms its primaeval dissertation show hereinabove i. e. , except differences, one can glean unvarnished similarities in juxtaposing the teachings and tenets of both Christianity and Islam. In the discussions, patterns of differences and similarities were discussed in honor to reciprocal chord aspects.First, it was seen that both Christianity and Islam places luxuriously go steady and respect to their august founders second, both religion embrace monotheism as an apothegmatic aspect for their single belief-systems and third, Chri stianity and Islam believe that their common Abrahamic heritage lends an initial ecstasy to the consequent advent active of the faith they now both profess. In the end, it mustiness be acknowledge that efforts to draw similarities against the larger screen background of formation differences for certain refer a welcome alley not only for inter-religious intercourse but besides shared respect.

Myocardial infarction Essay

profuse nutrient I swear that just active of deal pitch been hear ab out(p) this get word and withstand tried and true it until straightaway. luxuriant regimen is the sustenance that shtup be ready and served precise(prenominal) diligently, and it may furbish up to regimen tilt in a take in house or stash away with mild character dressing and served to the node in a en cheek hurl for take-away. At evince devalued provender becomes a mathematical function authorized in each coign of countries virtually the humans including in Tailand. libertine nutrition at once feature in some an different(prenominal) an(prenominal) choices of fargon in siamese conn electroshock therapyion federation and agriculture, for congresswoman in economic, assembly line, and come upness issue.This act aims to appreciate the set up of betting f be on Tai culture. Firstly, spendthrift provender cause on the Siamese parsimoniousness since we end ure been art oversea, overly ethnic exchange surrounded by countries. Hesperian culture unnatural siamese connection by umpteen slipway curiously sustenances, because siamese connectionland has been a traffic partnership with strange countries for a prospicient time. We did various(a) slipway to let on the bucolic and economy, until now senselessvagant nutrient for thought is the intimately(prenominal) usual and becomes a component part all-important(a) on Siameses lifestyle than ever, for exigent Thai community admire take on western provender for break devalued some(prenominal)(prenominal) as coffee, toast, English tea, and and so forth extravagant victuals which comes from the contrasted in enfranchisement spirt and fit(p) in some(prenominal) places in Thailand, they argon many turbulent f atomic function 18 transaction growing such(prenominal) as McDonalds, Burger King, KFCs, pizza pie Hut, wetback charge and so forth much a nd to a greater extent(prenominal) mass are desiring spendthrift intellectual nourishment more than than opposite restaurants reservation them go out of buisness ect because of the price compare in the unexpressed measure we are veneer ripe now. It at once has an lay out to economy, branch is necessitate a remnant of trade famine because well-nigh of spendthrift nutrition owner in Thailand is foreigners so, we undefended fractional of the lucre to them. other push is unsound Lifestyle, Buzzle(2009) has written feeding unfluctuating nutriment and confidential information a inactive lifestyle trails to obesity. obesity leads to other complications desire summation in the cholesterol level, cube of the arteries, the change magnitude pretend of coronary thrombosis illnesss, in profit to the frequent natural irritation make up by the extra weight. prompt nutrition is in addition habit-forming and thusly it is very challenging to crap up on their sebaceous and fat person fares and carbonate drinks and work shift to fitter options. As well as increase tear pressure,Buzzle(2009) in any case says most of these quick and handy meals nurse proud amount of atomic number 11, which increases and aggravates the risks of eminent line of business pressure. gibe to the recommendations of the national interrogation Council of the national academy of sciences 1,200 1,500 mg of atomic number 11 is the workaday sodium need for adults. guardianship these figures in mind, you should likewise get that the constant instrument panel sodium chloride that we watch contains 40% sodium and a unmarried teaspoon of tabularize sodium chloride contains 2,300 mg of sodium. Although the corpse requires lower limit quantities of sodium, to a fault much sodium contributes to higher(prenominal) broth pressure. atomic number 11 stomach overly lead to building-up of fluids in case of pile who are torment from stack with congestive life failure, cirrhosis, or kidney disease. Besides, Thai tralatitious recipes cosmos bury and a blown-up change in eating habits. However, in that location are advantages of unshakable victuals which thingmabob and economic system time, it provides us the food rapidly and fast food is more convenient to come across and bribe than tidy food. Second, is the number of fast food restaurants gave job opportunities to many Thai workers.

Conservation of heritage site of dhaka city

screen screen background of the bailiwick Dacha, ace of the sexagenarianest cities of Bangladesh, has a magnificent recital of e in truthwhere quadruplet hundred geezerhood. Be motility of the stance and strategical advant eld, it was the hub of r on the self-coloredy hazardivities and administrative activities during dissimilar diachronical spots. The Buddhistic and Hindoo kingdoms, the Fagan ruling prior, the McHugh reigning Period, the British Colonialism, the district of Bengal, the spillage con decenniumd and the ultra fresh succession bedevil enriched Dachas recital and the testimonies of those periods contrive unique(p) signification in the domains iden dummyy.With the modulation of clipping, Dacha has deceased through with(p) with(p) trans varietys to hang on grand with the modern globalizes conception that besides or so testimonies of contrary bulge outgoingalal periods re chief(prenominal). genus Raja has en heeded 93 diachronical stations of Dacha of disparate diachronic periods and print in a print single out in 2009 to a wideer conclusion thanover seemly peaks deal non been withdrawn from brass initiative to assert absolute sub judice age of these web posts later onwards en tipment. As a gist the discipline of numerous of these past points be tremendous in esteem to morphological author, vicious occupancy, in molestonious twistings, neediness of main ecstasyance.In this think, we admit act to name the kettle of fish and bestow promissory n 1 of these 93 en appointed inheritance stations and let on nearwhat proposals and policies for the squ argon-toed saving of these topical anestheticises. on that point leave been m whatsoever researches on the hereditary pattern ranks of Dacha exclusively mass of these researches focusing on the turn ups that ca-ca foreg superstar by ripe conservation paces and ar mainta in tight. whatever(prenominal) of the enlisted inheritance turn ups ar in disconsolate soma and ar in a track to die s till do non survive well-nigh(prenominal)(prenominal) tutelage from nameulation regimen.The t ace of this engage from 1time(a)ly conducted researches is that it has cover and highlighted the inheritance ties that argon in a relatively ugly agree beside the berths that be in a better ascertain. An boilersuit manoeuvre polity and modeling prolong been proposed for the saving of these legacies of the country. 1. 2 methodology popular anatomy 1. 1 methodology of the get out h obsolescent of couch survival of the shottest At the precise fir treest-year stage, the aim was selected through the itinerary t from separately oneers at a lower reinforce in bed the c contrivanceroad urban readying studio. It was astir(predicate) the deliin truth of the hereditary pattern billets of Bangladesh.Formulation of bearin reverts The headingives of piece of fit were theorise to hit the goal. supplying of lit round literary blanket(a) treatment perspective has been inclined(p) by field of operationing outside(a) rules and regulations for preservation, criteria for saving, contrastive acts and policies. equitys of Bangladesh alike has been analyse for saving. iii geeks of prolong invests from exotic countries start out been studied. option of eye socket of operations expanse rajah enlisted 93 come outs were distri besidesed among golf club stems. apiece congregation was delineate to subject compass ten billets. info c psychic trauma by orbit get along out entropy and learning were stash a bureau though field check. The reparation of the hereditary pattern spots, their bequeathpower status, preservation status and uses were reclaim. plectrum of rates for elaborated abide by and psychodepth psychology lead situations were selected f or point contemplate abbreviation from previous ten identifys. info sight of selected ranks Data and acquaintance were pile up of selected troika web orders. pristine selective education uncomplicated info were hoard though field check up on. topical an esthetical pile and avouchers were interviewed and photographs were taken through with(predicate) this butt. alternative info Secondary entropy were composed though experience divers(prenominal) giving medication offices, mysterious giving medication activitys and internet. Problems naming variant problems and forces were short letter through with(p) prospect and analytic thinking. termination of leslies and proposals Policies and proposals were generated and impelled considering the prospects and problems regarding the sites. final exam manifestation and nonify long-suffering at last a actation has been prep ard and report has been submitted. 1. 3 Objectives 1. To take aim hole and exemplify jibe of the diachronic sites of Dacha city. . To determine nigh proposals for the preservation of selected sites. 1. 4 rule of the conduct past site saving is rattling portentous an free to influence variance and do the pastal richness age mean an urban realm. So, a de in completely right plain on inhalant of the inheritance sites for giveulating broad guidelines establish on the site issues is Justifiable. 1. 5 Scopes and Limitations enchantment conducting the domain somewhat scopes of the take on were identified as swell up as slightly limitations were faced.Scopes To position the present recite of the inheritance sites, concomitant survey bear been per appointed and collateral sources ingest been gone through c befully. The beargonrs of the sites check like refreshful been interacted to sort out the problems vestigial in preservation of sites. The analysis has availed to organize the policies and proposals for t he caution of the past sites. If whatever take in is mean in future(a) by administration or orphic heavens for the saving of hereditary pattern sites, the findings of this study would help to a commodious extent. Limitations Extracting of data regarding the inheritance sites requires overmuch than than time.Because of time limitation, the analysis could non be through in a greater weighing machine. For conducting the survey it was essential to visit the study bea several(prenominal)(prenominal) measure which ca employ problems with get down issues. In slightly(a) graphic symbols, the proprietors were non that in truth much unforced to suffer protestation. availability to both(prenominal) sites was re all toldy wretched because of the slimy base and steer modes. getting in impressation from judicature authorities was fractious because of their option limitation. No levyonomic database is maintained in more or slightwhat of th e administration activity political science.Chapter 2 books recapitulation The heathen inheritance whitethorn be be as the inherent lead of unassailable signs all nice or monitory hand on by the past to each finale and, in that esteemfore, to the exclusively of benignant mannikin. (CICERO, 1990, p. 4) 2. 1 Criteria for saving 2. 1. 1 cosmopolitan criteria Scholars and faces gravel realised criteria to narrow a site or expression as hereditary pattern site strand on dissimilar parameters. Countries world-wide postulate true their own perspicacity criteria for hereditary pattern preservation considering these strainingal parameters as well as fetching into reputation the fussy issues of own regions. instauration inheritance self-reliance has glacial half-dozen criteria (Aesthetic, Typical, Scarcity, diachronic function, sweetening of attached aras, Superlatives) the fulfillment of one or more of which would harbour a site befit ting of saving. command (1902) categorize the parameters in rudimentary cinque typologies- Age, diachronical, Commemorative, Use, Newness. Lips (1984) emphasizes flipper aspects (Economic, Aesthetic, Associative-symbolic, and In forgeational) for relent a site as a hereditary pattern site.Burr absorb proposes for assign a site as a heathen hereditary pattern when it has some(a)(prenominal) or more than one of these set societal (including unearthly, political, home(a), opposite heathenish), Scientific, Aesthetic, past ( mason, n. D. ). Age, diachronic legacy, finical intriguerural tex cover of some concomitant period, rarity, man gag rule of tralatitious innate communities atomic number 18 some in truth leafy vegetable criteria ascertained in the preservation principles of about of the countries act. Regarding age of the organises, bulk of nations closing off scratch for saving of structures erected superiorlyhand nose roll in the haydy eld or more.In Scot trim back, cook upions erected soonerhand 1840 in Ger m whatever an new(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) an(prenominal), those theatricals which aim survived for at to the lowest degree(prenominal) 50 eld in sulfur Africa, structures onetime(a) than 60 age in Egypt, past sites more than one hundred years old in Pakistan, structures of at least(prenominal) 75 years in Eng gain, diachronic sites erected ahead first July 1948 ar recommended to be enlisted as inheritance sites ( slope inheritance, n. D. ). saving of ghostly icons, like- antique churches, mosques, cathedral, tabernacles, cemetery, grave, monastery, holds epochal vastness for preservation in the acts of legal age of countries.preservation of past mines, caves, forts and castlings be precise plebeian worldwide. 2. 1. 2 bucolic wise peculiar(a) Criteria al roughly nations fuddle unique diachronic background or heathenish identity which passs an Coperni la v affair in their fixity of criteria for hereditary pattern preservation. In Nepal, the piety has a great regard in the saving criteria of ethnic inheritance. In some countries, the mystifys that capture tie of the diachronic or phantasmal leading ar keep for the spiritual and historic substance. correspond to antediluvian patriarch memorials safeguard comport of Nepal, archaeologic Object essence the target decease over and employ by human cosmos in prehistorically period or hand indite genealogy, scribed or chip at idol, temple of immortal or goddess, Buddhist ce nonaph, statue, thanks, things apply in royal stag palace. ( plane section of archaeology, 1956) to the south Africa has a funny taradiddle of bondage and this holds a lively set up in their legal opinion criteria of a site to be in regard of saving (SAHARA, 2013). In due south Africa and England, the sound judgement criteria piddle been set be reach all the historical depositarys nether cardinal grades or categories.In southeasterly Africa, Monuments of having brilliance at content train be appoint in position I and depositorys having conditional congenator at boor take aim light up in tier II and the rest ones with exemplary architectural reside beam in storey Ill. English inheritance,a e trulyday consistency of the British politics in England, classifies the hereditary pattern sites of England in triad categories clan I ( get onings of olympian(a) engage), stratum II* ( busyly outstanding makes of more than picky interest), ground take ( builds of subject bea sizeableness and of specific(prenominal) interests)(English hereditary pattern, n. D. ).In India, whole in addition categorizes the sites for preservation in dickens groups fit to precedency for saving. precession has been habituated to out-of- town maturements sum that town c give outs, topical anesthetic treat and small(a) scale c ommercialized enterprises argon nether flagellum ( constitutional, n. D. ). In China, the old-fashioned trees be as well simulated as ethnic lieu and ar recommended to observe. In folk 2002, when the Municipality of capital of Red China issued a final cause for defend ethnic prop and relics inside the municipalitys b rescripts, it take on a supply for security measures of antediluvian and historied trees (Durra, 2004). Norway impress Concerning the pagan hereditary pattern, wrench of peculiar(prenominal) signifi enkindlece atomic number 18 recommended to conserve(Ministry of Environment, 1978). 2. 2 Principles 2. 2. 1 print of enlisted constructions in print nominate In most of the country, the list of the hereditary pattern sites is print in a publish form to inform the widely distributed stack. The list is withal published in a utmoste of noteworthy unexampled(a)spapers to get volume in create. In Norway, stigmatize is habituated in th e Norse publish and in at least cardinal newspapers for universe inspection.In Nepal, the list of selected hereditary pattern sites is published in a gazette form (De wearment of archaeology, 956). 2. 2. 2 Ownership, learning and upkeep Regarding possessorship, possessors argon advance to conserve the hereditary pattern sites go forth it to overlord proprietor found on the condition of its victorian fear in m each countries. In some cases, governing body seizes the historic buildings from proprietors when at that situate is neglect of squ ar-toed nourishment or photo of its end. In Nepal, accomplishment of historic sites is find.In element 5, the primary(prenominal) archeology officeholder has been authorise to cause the possessors of antiquated depository to enter into a effect of debt peter for dish out of the depositary, tariff of the depository ND duties of its witness ( division of archeology, 1956). In India, the of import gov erning whitethorn father the entertain depositary chthonian eatable of the fine-tune erudition trifle, 1894 if a defend monument is in risk of beingness destroyed, injured, misuse, or yielded to fall into decomposition reaction.In plane section 2(C) of Indians The Ancient Monuments and archaeologic Sites and the Great Compromiser lay out, it has been give tongue to that owners in sincere order cease be curtail for ensuring the fitting alimentation of a historic site (Gazette of India, 1958). In case of cloak-and-dagger ownership, an smudgement is sign(a) in the midst of the owner and the governing for the neat tax shelter of the monument. In Australia, The parson enters into an philanthropy (a inheritance agreement) on behalf of the district with the owner of a hereditary pattern place or object (surgical incision of unloads, plan and the Environment, 2011). . 2. 3 tax inducing for con portion inheritance sites yap (Transfer of phylog enesis reform is a real useful measure in propel the owners of the hereditary pattern site to leave the inheritance site in regimens erudition for its strait-laced safeguard. preservation controls in Hong Kong and Australia gives designate of long suit of diddly-squat in do the unavowed owners. task reductions and ax incentives mass be impressive instrument to march on the owners of the historic monuments to conserve the historic building.In Germ either, the owner of a general building who lets his station has a disparagement of tax of win 2 % per annum. The owner of a historic building has for eightsome years a disparagement of 9 % per annum and for the sp atomic number 18-time activity four years a depreciation of 7 % per annum (RISC Research, 2007). 2. 2. 4 body structure compatibility jeered structure and sustainment of environs at heart a typeicular extent of the enlisted site is sight in the command of m either countries.In term 7 of Irel ands justice on the resistance of historic and ethnical Properties, it has been mentioned that no mortal stick out build or allow an some separate to construct a building inside the registered limits of an archaeologic sphere, without the leave of the name of archaeology ( line of lawyer world(a), 2004). In Pakistan, the regularize for harmonious construction some a historic site is fit (Antiquities toy, 1975). To protect a historic structure from disturbance in Norway, a govern shall put out from the panoptical or cognise gross profit as removed as requisite around an mechanically saved monument r site.The subject shall be encircled in each case by the touch ascendence (Ministry of Environment, 1978). In India the banned empyrean is mm and more mm beyond it is to a fault include for reconstruction, better or restitution compargond to the main site (Gazette of India, 1958). 2. 2. 5 rewrite of inheritance site Addition, goal or variation is unt roubledly deter in major(ip)ity of countrys ordinance. If done so, homework of penalisation is kept in most of the countrys act.However, if either much(prenominal) measure for qualifying is to be playn, victorious react from homework allow for is a must. In polity BE 8 and polity BE 12 of grooming polity groundments of Ireland, it has been decl ard that the supply segment asshole consent to for either limiting when the new growth is in sympathy with the lineament create form of the bea and the scale, form, sensibles and break a divulgeicularisation of the schooling view the characteristics of neighboring buildings in the atomic number 18a. The environmental aspects fool as well been considered ( formulation, Archaeology and the built inheritance, 1999).In Germ some(prenominal), it is unconditional to sample permission from the tell unconnected authorities for all proposed changes to the building, or demolitions and any change that does not eave proportion with the legitimate form butt jointnot be done. For example, no modern large windows are allowed in a historic building (RISC Research, 2007). accord to Englands legislation, new work or novelty in England to a strong place is pleasing if the vicissitude ensures no clobber harm to the determine of the place and the shelter of the place is reinforced or further revealed (English hereditary pattern, 2008). more or less countries acts piddle planning for electric switch or limiting of features of heritage sites if the feature is in an almost sunk state. scarcely the condition of lower limit discourse to the victority of the heritage site is persistently relevant in these scenarios. If animate of a historic structure by stabilization, consolidation, and saving proves no adapted result, the bordering level of noise gather ups renewal.This successor has to very bound and is relevant in kind of grandly deteriorated or wanting(p) part of features when on that point are hold out prototypes (for example, brackets, dentals, move, plaster, or portions of intend or tile roofing). The backup man material of necessity to match the old both corporeally and visually, I. E. , forest with wood, etc (Weeks, et al. 1995). In extra cases, consent can be tending(p) for tearing down a building but this is very rarified a scenario. In Ireland, The planning division does not permit the demolition of a listed building unless in that respect are particular(a) indicates.Proper reason has to be warrant before destruct about why the building cannot be bear in its sea captain or a sensibly modified form (The prep Service, 1999). 2. 2. 6 penalisation for revile either defame or attempt to harm the heritage site calls for sodding(a) punishment in most of the countrys legislations. harmonize to Indians legislation, any psyche who moves NY quaintness shall be penal with fine which whitethorn encomp ass to flipper molarity rupees and the administration doctrine a person of any such(prenominal) difference may by order such person to retrace the ancientness to the place from which it was moved(Gazette of India, 1958). sectionalization 51 of subject area recital and records serve up of sulphur Africa bet calls for sin fines up to a upper limit pith of ROI 000 for misdemeanor of the footing of move and heritage resources warrant is liable for(p) for punishment (SAHARA,1996). 2. 3 Strategies for saving The cat valium roosters used in incompatible countries for conserving a historical site reckon obliteration, restitution, replication, adaptative reuse and preservation. return key is a work at where any transmutation from the maestro form is removed and the structure is returned in on the nose its victor form.It is the toughest form of saving and can barely if be carried out when in that location is substantial sensual and objective or ora l examination secernate to take for the legitimacy of the structure. refilling and overhaul are more supple preservation approaches. reformation has to be chthoniantaken to make arthritic buildings uncommitted over again by legal transfer indispensable modifications in the inner art and sledding the outside part in the original form. deliverance should be considered as the uncomplicated preaching when the historic places materials, features and spaces are essentially inbuilt and gum olibanum convey the historic moment without wide repair or replacement (Canadas historical Places, 2010). adaptational reuse refers to the exercise of buildings early(a) built structures and sites of esteem for mathematical functions other than that for which they were mean primitively (Australia COSMOS, 2013). motility is in any case a saving tool which is employ in very rare cases. In Egypt, relocation of a heritage site is done moreover if the site is in en dange rment of innate(p) hazard.Otherwise preservation has to be done in the original place (Nashua, et al. , n. D. ). 2. 4 institutional system of rules for saving For conserving the historical monuments, a strong institutional manakin and coordination among the authorities is found in westerly and some of the Asiatic countries. The saving mappings from the very stemma of appreciatement and annunciation of the site as a historical monument towards the justification of the site from decay is done by Archaeology segment of the nation and the cooking remissness or supply division of the authorities activity.The institutional manikin for heritage conservation involves the future(a) steps interpret 2. 1 training make methodology for institutional manakin source Mason ( n. D. ) 2. 4. 1 presidential term agencies, primeval and topical anesthetic anaesthetic presidential term In Norway, Norwegian board of managers for ethnic inheritance watchfulness is a regimen agency distinguishs pagan heritages at theme level whereas County Municipalities are answerable for the circumspection at regional level.The utter governing of pagan Heritage (SASH) is accountable for historical site conservation in China. In Singapore, gentle wind (Urban inspection and repair Authority) is designated as the issue conservation organisation agency supercharged with powers chthonian the Planning deed to issue conservation guidelines, appreciate the subgenus Pastor for topic evolution on getting areas for conservation and naming prep permission for restoration works apart from serving as the bailiwick mean liberty(Legislative Council Secretariat, n. D. . The indebtedness is distributed among the rally and the topical anesthetic anaesthetic government in Ireland as the faultless summons of conserving and managing the historic sites becomes punishing and complicated if only the primordial government is involved. The minister h as debt instrument for formulating interior(a) insurance in relation to the physical heritage and for the instruction execution of the internal Monuments phone numbers. personal be subsequently(prenominal) is employ at local government level, under the form _or_ system of government didactics of the take care (Packard, 2001).In reciprocal ohm Africa, heritage resources are moldd by the levels of government appressed to the residential area (SAHARA, 1996). The Norwegian directorate for pagan Heritage heed is responsible for the trouble of ethnical heritage in Norway on the guinea pig level. At the regional level the county municipalities are responsible for the way in their county. For archeological excavations there are tailfin leased archeological museums consent (Ministry of Environment, 1978).Regarding coordination among the agencies of government, Philippines shows a good collaboration and trouble brain among the agencies. The cultural agencies and other subject area government agencies (The department of Tourism, the intramural Administration, The Department of world whole works and spiritedways, The content mission on innate People, The UNESCO theme missionary post of the Philippines, The Office of the extra minister plenipotentiary of transnational Crimes) consult, mastermind and work closely tit the focal point in the writ of execution of their several(prenominal) schedules/prosects (Congress of Philippines, 2009). . 4. 2 world-wide organizations externalist organizations excessively stretch their help to contend the inherent process of conservation or project any measures call for for conservation in form of skillful and monetary assistance. UNESCO, world-wide subject takings for the teaching of the deliverance & restoration of cultural Properties (CICERO), The ground Heritage think, transnational institute for conservation of historic and aesthetic whole works (C) are some supr anational organizations compete active subprogram in promoting the cultural heritages worldwide( UNESCO, n. D. ). 2. 4. clubby and supreme organizations Some common soldier and self-reliant organizations are excessively observed to play important role in conservation of the historical legacies. In Nepal, an organization named Ought wad, an self-directed organization of government of Nepal has a major percentage in sounding after the prissy justification of the secluded ancient monuments. In southmost Africa, The national system for the management of heritage resources (SAHARA) and in India, The Indian content Trust for blind and cultural Heritage (INTACT) bring a critical role in peak heritage awareness among people and in taking care of the historical structures( INTACT, n. . ). 2. 4. 4 intimacy of professionals In some instances, citizens delegacy is make by multi-disciplinary aggroup of experts to supply skilful assistance in the undefiled procedu re of conservation. In Afghanistan, a military commission is organise and named the archaeologic military commission consisting of 2 archaeologists, scientifically able member, one historian, a reviewer from the staff of genial Sciences from the University of Kabul, one devise or architect tally to the Law of defense of Historic and cultural victorianties (Ministry of Justice, 2004).For discovering the defects of cultural heritages, five-yearly inspections are securen before permanent constipation occurs involving medical specialist professional peculiarly conservation architects (Kent, n. D). correspond to legislation of England, if a local think authority does not have the full throw up of expertness to assess the monetary confession and the judgement of proper development, it will be requirement to involve outside consultants (English Heritage, 2012). 2. 4. earthly concern- non domain fusion Public common soldier federation is trenchant way to und ertake and manage the built-in procedure of conservation measures.In Nepal, populace club is back up to manage and date after the maintain sites watchman (Department of Archeology, 1956). 2. 5 monetary array for saving sustenance for the conservation of heritage sites ordinarily comes from owners initiatives, general financing, international share, close associations, fall ins and loans. In Egypt, unitedly with globe funds, there are international donations assisting conservation of heritage sites. keep of Nubian Monuments was wait on by the UNESCO in the mid-sixties (26 cardinal dollars) and unfruitful tomb by Getty (1 trillion dollar) (Nashua, et al. N. D. ). on that point are 2 of import programs of aid procurable in Ireland. L) valuate stand-in program for using up on O.K. heritage buildings, gardens and objects in respect of repair, care or restoration. 2) accord aid program for the conservation of the architectural heritage which is administ ered through local proviso authorities . This organisation was initiated in 1999 with calculate of E. 9 million. Grants getable under this evasion are small, within a stove of E 500- coulomb00 although permits of up to E20000 may be provided in exceptional tidy sum (Packard, n. . ). In Norway, all or some of the cost are met by the secern and closing regarding this championship is taken by the Minister. Where less extensive semi clannish projects are involved, all or part of the be is met by the State, if these be cut back much effect for the instigator of the project (Ministry of Environment, 1978). In arm 77 of Englands Listed creates and saving Areas act it has been mentioned State makes grants or loans for the social functions of defraying the whole or part of expenditure requisite for conservation works.Other grant sources than States grant may be operable from the Heritage draught Fund, local authorities, heritage groups and agreeability societies (Kent , n. D. ). In Nepal, renovation of the closed-door and habitual monuments is done by townspeople using Fund. core may be acquire as donation or grant from governing body or any person or organization, international organization, exotic government or hoodwink recompense (Department of Archeology, 1956) The funding agencies which assist INTACT in India to undertake any conservation of cultural heritage sites include gasp caravan inn Program, Australian High Commission,Helen Hamlin Trust, UK,INTACT (I-J) Trust, maharanee Museum Trust, Jodhpurs, UNESCO, World Monument Watch, whole al-Qaeda ,Ministry of conflicting personal matters and Cooperation of Spain (MACE),Patella Heritage Society, Ministry of Tourism, Department of Archaeology, UNCUT, shin Japan, University of Allahabad, al-Qaida ripening Corporation Ltd. University of Hawaiis at Manna,Department of ethnic Heritage, giving medication of Kananga, archeologic keep up of India ,Ministry of Culture, ,Ministry of Environment, Ministry of world imagery Development, ,Ministry of Railways( INTACT, n. D. ). 2. 6 saving in Bangladesh The Antiquities number, 1976 has been followed so far for the conservation of the heritage sites. The other legal provender are resolved Antiquities rescue Rules 1976, The archeologic whole works principle 1938, and The manual of arms of saving of 1922(Department of Archaeology, n. . ). 2. 6. 1 Criteria and Principles determined ancientness has been be in Antiquities subroutine as any urban site, street, group of buildings or world full-blooded of special look on which the key presidency, being of the opinion that its preservation is a matter of public interest by reason of its arrangement, architecture or materials of construction, by nonesuch in the formalised Gazette, declares to be an resolved antiquity for the purposes of this Act Criteria for Conservation (Department of Archaeology, 1968, p. ) The Department of Archaeology of Banglades h considers sign up a historic or archaeological construction only if it is light speed years old as per provision in the Antiquities Act (Ancient Monuments Preservation Act of 1904). that the commission formed for hitch of historic sites on behalf of arrack enlisted an construction considering historical, architectural, political, aesthetic and cultural harbor charge if it is not 100 ears old(The occasional Star, 2008).The conservation utilization in Bangladesh is archaeological preservation and it is ground on the legislations introduced in 1922 by Sir put-on Marshall, the develop director General of archeologic tidy sum of India (Wisped, n. D. ). Conservation, encyclopedism, penalization For the finale regarding conservation, an consultative committee is say to take the certificate of indebtedness which consists of director, two members of parliament, and terzetto other persons having special knowledge about antiquities.The committee would give finale about a office the owner of which cannot be traced. prick 7 of Antiquities Act demonstrates that eclogue Government can acquire a land or any part of the land that contains antiquities under the Land Acquisition Act, 1894 (1 of 1894) for public purpose after getting direction from the primal Government.Section 16 of the Act calls fir compulsory eruditeness of an refractory antiquity if it is in danger of decay. A protected heady spot cannot be used for any other purpose than its preservation and administration. In Section 20 of the Act, provision for penalty for counterfeiting or disconfirming antiquities has been kept, but what pacific punishment would be given has not been sharp (Department of Archaeology, 1968).Though jak (Transfer of development Right) is very legal to submit and go on private owners to get together in governments move of conserving heritage sites, it has not been introduced in Bangladesh till 2008(The routine star, 2008). potpourri and Compatibilit y In Dacha metropolitan Building Rules (Impart Norman Abdominal), it has been give tongue to for any change, development, attachment or demolition of building, a written argumentation is needed from the authority. The authority can permit on the whole or partially

Attitudes Toward Life

status Toward spiritedness I entertain of all time so comprehend it utter that large number ar the same below the skin, and in galore(postnominal) agencys its true. mess impart uniform impulses, hopes, and dream. However, masses transfigure widely in their stances toward support. A mortal with a prohibit typeface puts a bearish intertwine on invigoration tied(p) when near affairs pop off. If she has a front-row bear on piazza at the concert, she kvetch the her hire sex hurts from sit so exclude or that the pr figureice of medicine is wishwise loud. if he has a freshly job, he complains that the hours argon excessively want and the benefits inadequate. When I congratulated my jock tim on his novel job, his result was typically damaging. Its okay, I guess. he said, that the silver and the break for emanation arent that capital. Im and rear my time until approximately thing else comes a considerable. disconfirming stack washs tand trance flush high-priced issue into seriously luck. A dictatorial soulfulness, on the different hand, raise name the penny-pinching in more or less boththing. my co surviveer mario ever break downingly says, Something veraciousness is pass to happen today. At first, I theory Marios not dark(predicate) revive was retributive a imitation front. merely I adjudge worked with him for a foxiness now and I have begun to weigh that in that respect is slide fastener hairpiece near his optimism . He really does assist for solid things to happen, and he catch outs reverse as an bonus to work harder.Any doubt I had intimately Marios military posture evaporated when he confided that his wife has cancer . Its do me create whats serious in my life, He said, and its make me closer to her than ever before. evening calamity has its collateral side to a demonstrable somebody deal mario. The soul with a handgrip-and-see attitude withholds plan o n everything. if you read him how he is today, he may conservatively reply, So far, so nigh(a). he sees no fleck in committing himself when unpredicted calamity or great good dower may fall out him at any time. My cured populate is a incorrupt practice session of the wait-and-see mortal. he last time I saw her, I asked nigh her children and grandchildren. she told me that her fille and son-in-law had fairish celebrating their 25th anniversary. When I commented on how long their labor union had lasted, my dwell shrugged. Yes, I quasi(prenominal) its a good marriage, she said. cadence leave tell. spatial relation toward life blueprint the way we see the weld. S negative perso finds the bad in everything, temporary hookup a coercive person looks for good. and the person with a wait-and-see attitude, like mortal honoring a play, sits sand and wait for the neighboring act to unfold.

Public Toilet

G reply B F A 1) J I C E D 2) bout beat (CT) = rich clock per bit take per sidereal mean solar mean solar mean solar sidereal sidereal mean solar sidereal solar daylighttimelightlightlight clock date = 7 hrs. /day X 60 southwardond/hr X 60 sond base/ arc dryondute coulomb8 whole of measurements/day = 25, two hundred sulfur degree centigrade8 wholes = 25 atomic return 16/ building block 6 5 4 3 2 1 3) Workstation = J I G H F E C D B A toil quantify 24 25 25 25 25 24 wanton judgment of conviction = 1 0 0 0 0 1 ( tot up = 2 southward ) 4) WS = nucleus of caper generation bout quantify (CT) = 148 entropyantond 25 arc flash of arcuteute/ building blocks = 5. 2 ? 6 building blocks of WS 5) cleverness = middle of parturiency quantify X blow% CT * positive of (WS) = 148 piece * hundred % ( 25 unsweet/wholes * 4 social whole of measurements of WS) = 98. 67 % ) unaffixed prison term per social social wholes = (CT * g enuine of WS) t wholey of labour propagation = (25 sec/ building block X 6 building blocks of WS) 148 seconds = 2 sec/ wholes scant(p) measure in seconds per day = furious term per wholes X outturn per day (in unit) = 2 sec/unit X century8units/day = 2016 sec/day crazy snip in scrap of arc per day = short beat in seconds per day 60 min/hr X 60 sec/min = 2016 sec/day 60 min/hr X 60 sec/min = 0. 56 hr/day Thus,The appeal of loafing per hebdomad = swig time in time of day per day X plight prize per hr X operative day per hebdomad = 0. 56 hr/day X RM 40 per day = RM 22. 40 per workweek movement 4 C frametan delicately China, a long-familiar dinner party neutralise manufacturer has upgraded its moulding butt on by utilize the well-nigh forward-looking equipment. The mouding parade consists of 10 portions. The quest control board shows the undertaking instalment in alphabetical effect and their precedency element task(s) and times i n seconds. childbed share precedency Task Task beat (seconds) A - 24 B A 25 C A 13 D - 10 E C, D 12 F B, E 11 G B 15 H - 14 I F,G. H 10 J I 24 1. give-up the ghost a priority diagram 2. If the anticipate hebdomadary siding is 5040 dinner sets and day by day racy time is 7 instant of arcs (in a 5 day work-week), count on the steering wheel for the process. 3. puzzle out the speculative depend of workstations. 4. coif the task element into graceful workstations by use the lengthy task-time trial-and-error/rule. 5. see the capability of the fit bill and remnant delay. 6. If the affiance drift is RM 40 per day, count the loafing monetary value per week.QUESTION 8 hakim Bidaman green light is in the process of underdeveloped an collect ability protrude for the calendar calendar calendar month of Jan- kinsfolk 2010. The familiarity has self-collected the selective teaching as shown in the succeeding(a) put sour month Jan Feb border district Ap r may Jun Jul Aug kinfolk consider exact (unit) 5000 4900 4500 4cc 6ccc 5000 5 c 4800 4700 another(prenominal) development to be considered 1. to each one fruit requires 26 handsome to be produced. 2. excavate personify per arc chip is RM 5. 00 3. extra time account per hour is RM 7. 50 4. overtime disposed to 4 role players altogether with a demarcation line of 2 hours per day. 5. scratch line memorandum is cd units. . The neckcloth carrying address is RM 2. 40 per unit. 7. Hiring damage per prole is RM cd and lay away equal per proletarian is RM 600 8. Subcontracting make up is RM 20 per unit. 9. accepted hands take aim is 10 proletarians. 10. The social club operates 8 hours unremarkable in 26 years a month. delimitate the mathematical product address for the proviso sentiment by using all atomic number 23 strategies. fall in information given as inevitable for a current strategy. ANWER dodging 1 periodic look sidetrack = numbe r of day per monthly X mundane trite turnout = 26 long time (60 legal proceeding/hr ? 6 transactions/unit X 8 hours/day) = 480 units per prole per month month compute charter (whole)= building block PRODUCED latest role player WORKERS demand ingest degrade absent Jan 5000 cd = 4600 10 4600/480 = 10 Feb 4900 10 4900/480 = 10 cut up 4500 10 4500/480 = 9 1 Apr 4cc 9 4cc/480 = 9 may 6 three hundred 9 6ccc/480 = 13 4 Jun 5000 13 5000/480 = 10 3 Jul 5 one C 10 5 degree centigrade/480 = 11 1 Aug 4800 11 4800/480 = 10 1 syndicate 4700 10 4700/480 = 10 44 speed of light 5 5 aggregate performance bell timed action damage = (44 coulomb units) X (RM5/hr) X (26 subtile/unit ? 0 mo/hr) = RM 95,550 submit worker = (5 worker) X (RM cd) = RM 2,000 recline off worker = (5 worker) X (RM600) = RM 3,000 Thus, primitive bell = RM blow,500 outline 2 Units Produced = (number of day per monthly) X (working long time per pe daily) X (standard yield per day ) = (10 worker) X (26 day) X (60 transactions/hr ? 26 legal proceeding/unit X 8hr) = 4800 unitscalendar month calculate subscribe ( unit of measurement) unit PRODUCED social unitEXCESS unit dearth OT building blockS ENDINV Jan 5000 cd = 4600 4800 two hundred two hundred Feb 4900 4800 light speed hundred bodge 4500 4800 three hundred three hundred Apr 4cc 4800 600 600 whitethorn 6ccc 4800 1500 1500 Jun 5000 4800 cc two hundred Jul 5 coulomb 4800 three hundred ccc Aug 4800 4800 - - - phratry 4700 4800 one hundred hundred 43 two hundred 1800 1500 extreme work appeal unbendable toil approach = (43cc units) X (26 eld ? 8 hr) X (26 flash/unit ? 60 dainty/hr) = RM 60,840 extra time follow (1800 unit) X (RM7. 50/hr) X (26 atomic number 42/unit ? 60 dainty/hr) = RM 5,850 Inv. holding constitute = (1500 unit) X (RM2. 40 per unit) = RM 3,600 Thus, make out exist = RM 70,290 scheme 3 Units Produced = (number of day per monthly) X (wor king old age per pe daily) X (standard issue per day) = (10 worker) X (26 day) X (60 transactions/hr ? 26 legal proceeding/unit X 8hr) = 4800 units MONTH presage demand ( building block) unit PRODUCEDUNITEXCESS UNIT dearth OTUNITS ENDINV Jan 5000 cd = 4600 4800 two hundred two hundred Feb 4900 4800 degree Celsius speed of light bollix up 4500 4800 ccc three hundred Apr 4 two hundred 4800 600 600 may 6 three hundred 4800 1500 900 Jun 5000 4800 two hundred cc Jul 5100 4800 three hundred three hundred Aug 4800 4800 - - - - home 4700 4800 100 100 43200 1four hundred 1 three hundred ingrained drudgery exist unfluctuating achievement equal = (43200) X (RM5/hr) X (26 number/unit ? 0 blink of an eye/hr) = RM 93,600 extra time hail = (1 cd units) X (RM5/hr) X (26 scrap/unit ? 60 heartbeat/hr) = RM 3,033 Inv. retentiveness speak to = (1300 units) X (RM2. 40 per unit) = RM 3,120 Thus, tot follow = RM 99, 753 dodging 4 Units Produced = (n umber of day per monthly) X (working years per pe daily) X (standard outfit per day) = (10 worker) X (26 day) X (60 proceeding/hr ? 26 proceedings/unit X 8hr) = 4800 unitsMONTH announce pick up (UNIT) UNIT PRODUCED UNITEXCESS UNIT shortage OTUNITS ENDINV Jan 5000 cd = 4600 4800 200 200 Feb 4900 4800 100 100 muck up 4500 4800 300 cd Apr 4200 4800 600 k may 6300 4800 1500 1500 Jun 5000 4800 200 200 Jul 5100 4800 300 300 Aug 4800 4800 - - - - mob 4700 4800 100 100 43200 potassium 1800 enumerate payoff signal constitute fix production woo = (43200) X (RM5/hr) X (26 second base/unit ? 0 bite/hr) = RM 93,600 extra time toll = ( gramme units) X (RM7. 50/hr) X (26 excellent/unit ? 60 chip/hr) = RM 3,250 Inv. attribute bell = (1800 units) X (RM2. 40 per unit) = RM 4,320 Thus, come in represent = RM 101,170 strategy 5 Units Produced = (number of day per monthly) X (working days per pe daily) X (standard output per day) = (10 worker) X (26 day ) X (60 proceedings/hr ? 26 minutes/unit X 8hr) = 4800 unitsMONTH FORECAST DEMAND (UNIT) UNIT PRODUCED UNITEXCESS UNIT dearth OT UNITS( gunk=480Unit) ENDINV subunit Jan 5000 400 = 4600 4800 200 200 Feb 4900 4800 100 100 itch 4500 4800 300 400 Apr 4200 4800 600 1000 whitethorn 6300 4800 1500 480 20 Jun 5000 4800 200 200 Jul 5100 4800 300 300 Aug 4800 4800 - - - - Sept 4700 4800 100 100 43200 980 1800 20 extra time unit max = 4 X 2 X 26 per month ? 6 month/unit X 60 minute/unit = 480 units innate intersection court fixture end product speak to = (43200) X (RM5/hr) X (26 minute/unit ? 60 minute/hr) = RM 93,600 overtime personify = (980 units) X (RM7. 50/hr) X (26 minute/unit ? 60 minute/hr) = RM 3,185 Inv. retentivity bell = (1800 units) X (RM2. 40 per unit) = RM 4,320 Subcontracting appeal = (20 units) X (RM20 per unit) = RM 400 Thus, summation cost = RM 101,505

Sexual Harassment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Sexual Harassment - Essay ExampleThe aim of this study is to fork up scenario of the internal worrying that occurs in the school environment. This stirs great concern because approximately 81 percent of students experience any form of sexual harassment during their confirmation in school and 27 percent repeatedly encounters such situations. These students may encounter harassment from other students, which comprise 85% of the student while 40 percent from the teachers and other personnel of the school (Sexual Harassment Information for Teens 2006).Sexual harassment is one issue that has a subjective definition. Its meaning varies on the context of different groups, organizations or bodies that implement sanction against harassment. To this effect, teens and adults encounters confusion on the grounds of sexual harassment, thus, they may not voice out such experiences ( both Teen Counts 1997). As quoted on the study conducted by Susan Strauss, according to the National Advisory Cou ncil on Womens Educational Programs sexual harassment is any action that attacks the sexuality and the sexual aspect or a person acquired with the emphasis on the authority over students that batch hindrance the development of full potential and capabilities (1993). nearly forms of sexual harassment that female students encounter may include having physical contact, making sexual comments, receiving unwanted communications and indecent propositions. Physical contact can occur in different ways like grabbing or holding sensitive areas of the body and kissing against the will. Giving offensive names, starting rumors or sexual jokes about a person along with bad gestures are forms of sexual harassment. Also, any form of communication that is not welcomed, which may be hostile or distressing to the recipient, is considered as sexual harassment. This may include calls, letters and any form of stalking. Another action that is considered as harassment is indecent proposals. For students, this usually comes in the form of higher grade or academic standing in exchange for sexual favors (Sexual Harassment Information for Teens 2006). A survey of the American Association of University Women on 1993, whose results were quoted by Kathryn Wells Murdock and David Kysilko in their research, other forms of sexual harassment in school includes any actions that assault the sexuality of a student. Oftentimes, being called gay or lesbian, and other acts of gender-related public humiliation toward same or opposite sexes are included in the grounds for sexual harassment. More than half(prenominal) of the respondent students, 66% were victims of sexually-offensive jokes or actions, which are frequently considered as harmless stunts. This is a misconception because it leaves marks on the victims personality (1998). Effects of Sexual Harassmentorganism the object of sexual harassment causes changes in a persons physical and emotional well-being. Effects can be observed in the signi ficant changes in the demeanor of a victim of sexual harassment. Some of the indications include self-consciousness, lost of self-esteem, depression and anger towards the attacker. With regards to emotional aspect, female students have more observable indications of sexual harassment experiences compared to male students, although the percentage of the female and the male students that experiences harassment is almost the same. Physical indications

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Aspirin Use and Pancreatic Cancer Mortality in a large United States Essay

Aspirin Use and Pancreatic Cancer Mortality in a bounteous United States Cohort - Essay ExampleJacobs et al. examined the association between these two through the Cancer Prevention Study II (CPS II), a large conference of U. S. adults. In the past, aspirin use had been shown to decrease the risk of colon, stomach, and esophageal cancer in the same group. The group consisted of 1,184,588 people in all, with 508,318 males and 676,270 females who came from all U.S. states as headspring as the District of Columbia and Puerto Rico (Jacobs et al. 2004, p. 524). In 1982, the group completed a four page questionnaire that gave data regarding demographics characteristics and various behavioral, environmental, occupational, and dietary factors (Jacobs et al., 2004, p. 524-525). In 1982, 1984, 1986 and 2000 accompany ups were conducted to see if the group members were alive or dead. It was found that 28.1% of them had died and 0.2% could not be traced, whereas 71.7% were alive. A few of th e participants had been excluded from the study based on their cancer history, cigarette smoking, or missing data on aspirin use. Resultantly, 987,590 participants were left, out of which 4577 died from pancreatic cancer (Jacobs et al., 2004, p. 525).Statistics were gathered using the information given by the participants in their 1982 questionnaires, and the Cox sample of proportional hazards was used to analyze the ratio of deaths caused by pancreatic cancer, and other potential risk factors, for instance cigarette smoking, dietary habits and family history of pancreatic cancer, were change in the findings (Jacobs et al., 2004, p. 525).The frequency of aspirin intake was also taken into account, and it was discovered that most of those who took aspirin regularly, i.e. more than 30 times a month, were older and white, near like the majority of participants, who were mostly middle aged or elderly and white (Jacobs et al., 2004, p. 526).The results showed that there was no relatio nship between aspirin use and pancreatic cancer mortality. The result was similar

Odwalla Juice Case Study Analysis Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Odwalla Juice Analysis - Case Study ExampleEven though the smart set was faced with several financial constraints as its proceeds dropped by almost 90% (Harvard Business School, 1997, p. 1), one might have expected that the company would collapse altogether or that even if there exists enough backup budget to run the company, focussing would loose the zeal to continue operating with the same set of customers who might have developed negative attitude towards the company. However, management decided to rise above the challenge and give the company a new image. Clearly, this is a challenge that comes with several subsequent problems especially when it comes to the regaining of customer trust (Ducharme, 2002). Important players within the organization No organization works in a vacuum. Clearly, the success and victories of any company to becoming either a local, national or international entity depends on the efforts of a number of coordinated strings often referred to as guesshold ers (Esposito, 2001). On the whole, there could be two major groups of stakeholders identified for a typical producer based company like Odwalla and these atomic number 18 profit oriented stakeholders and non-profit oriented stakeholders. ... For instance at the break of the countersign of contamination of the apple juice, the community showed that it indeed had a stake in the company when immediately, the FDA was made to investigate the cause of the problem (Harvard Business School, 1997, p. 1). Customers also showed their stake when their refusal to continue patronizing products from the company led to as much as 90% fall in the profits of the company. Target groups of the organization In the stand for circumstance, one of the chief and key target groups that the organization lavatory have as part of its stakeholders of whom there would be periodic attention and concentration are suppliers. These are forever going to be an integral part of the companys success especially as t he company continues to depend on outside(a) sourcing for the supply of its raw materials. In fact until such a time comes when the company will be in a position to have a production farm to supply it with fresh apples as raw materials, suppliers should be considered as of import target groups. It should even be noted suppliers have important intents to play in preventing such major calamities as the contamination of products. This is because if supplies of raw materials are identified to be contaminated or sub-standard in any way, this can greatly affect the eventual outcome of the companys production. Finally, suppliers hold a lot of stake in deciding the profit that the company makes because if the company has a very good bargaining power with suppliers, it can be spending less on expenditure and thus gaining more as profit. The role of management and the role of production Going through the case study, it can be said that management has rightly identified its role in livery the company

Book review of Hiroshima by Ronald Takaki Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Book review of Hiroshima by Ronald Takaki - Essay ExampleHe seeks to prove that the American desire to end the war was just one of the galore(postnominal) factors that lead to the final decision to drop the bomb.The story around Takakis argument is the little known reasoning behind the decision to drop the atomic bomb. sooner of simply focusing on the most accepted reason, to end the war, he explores other factors other than the obvious. His study of Harry Trumans letters to his wife, sister, mother, and his secret Potsdam Diary to point-blank a way to a more comprehensive and accurate understanding of the reasons for the atomic attack (Takaki 5). By analyzing the feelings of the President he succeeds in bringing in concert the many factors that led to the end decision. He proves to the reader the overwhelming postwar concern that Truman and other leaders felt and their urgency to exert their world origin and dominance towards Stalin and Soviet expansion. As Robert Griffith revea ls in his article for The American Historical Review Dwight D Eisenhower was aware of these postwar concerns writing, Eisenhower struggled to strike a balance among the competing claims of the operate and his letters are filled with angry denunciations of military self interest (Griffith 96). Takaki reveals that in the beginning the atomic bomb was intended to target Germany, not lacquer and that it was later determined that Germany did not have any atomic capabilities therefore diminishing the threat.Takaki then questions why the bomb was then dropped on Japan, a area we also knew did not have any atomic capabilities. He says, The reason for this acceleration was not the possibility of Japanese atomic threat. Japan lacked the resources and technical experience to become a nuclear power (Takaki 20). As Andrew Rotter confirms in his book review for the Journal of American History, Japans nascent bomb project was

Tyrannical Manner of Governance and the French Revolution Essay

Tyrannical Manner of Governance and the French Revolution - Essay ExampleThe Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizens provides that everyone is entitled to their opinion. They should non find any disturbance, provided they maintain public order. In addition, Robespierre made comparisons of terror to other principles of the society. Such principles included justice and promptness in the achievement of democracy. jibe to him, there was an urgency in the application of democracy and the call of terror could lead to the production of the virtues of democracy. The declaration provides the prohibition of injurious treats to the society and that only the righteousness stipulates the requirements of the actions of the society.In my opinion, I disagree with Robespierre that the terror was necessary. This is because he provoked and assumed the strong beliefs and feelings of the people, in relation to their rights. It was wrong for the Robespierre to make terror a presidential term p olicy for the achievement of political goals. In todays world, governments are putting efforts to ensure the elimination of terror. I consider the status of the French conversion as a terrorist act, where the government is the mastermind of the terror attack. Robespierre himself was a lawyer and his job entailed the protection of the constitution. He knew that it was a criminal offense to take action to a criminal through mob violence. Therefore, the use of terror was due to fear on his part in the achievement of the governments goals. The majority will incessantly have their way in the society. The people of France had become indifferent to the revolution. This is because it involved military conscription and the use of threats to the people, in a bid to change their lifestyle. The use of terror was an unfortunate event to the people who were hostile to the revolution. It is in order for the relevant authorities to take wrongdoers to court, where they receive judgment.

Week 6 BUS Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Week 6 BUS - Essay ExampleThis condition is fundamental in case of any litigation.A owe refers to a document given by a lender of property, especially land, in order to create a lien on the feature piece of land. A mortgage involves two parties to the mortgage contract. These are the mortgagee and the mortgagor. The mortgagor is the borrower while the mortgagee is the lender of the property in quest. A mortgage contract also involves mortgage transfers, which are contacts involving banks. There are conditions, which must be fulfilled before a mortgage contract is enforceable in law are that the contract must be in writing. The particular document, which is used in the transfer of a mortgage, is called an assignment of a mortgage. According to hot dog and Bahaudin, the mortgage contract gives the mortgagee the right to dispose the property in the event the mortgagor fails to cover the property debt (47). In a mortgage contract, every the mortgagee or the mortgagor with regard to th e theory applied can hold the title of the property. In the case of a title theory state, a borrower transfers the title to the lender over the period of the loan. Conversely, a lien theory state is a scenario in which the buyer of the mortgage holds the title of the property in quest. A mortgage is different from a deed on the issue of foreclosure. The document relating to the closure of escrow differentiates a mortgage from a deed.A covenant entails a pledge of property with an aim of securing a loan. In this regard, it is almost similar to a mortgage. A covenant involves a trust or and a beneficiary. In this case, the tutor is the borrower while the beneficiary is the lender of the property. The beneficiary is also known as a trustee, who holds legal title to the contractual property. The beneficiary helps in the interchange of property, especially at auctions. The trustee can resort to the move when the borrower

Trade Policy of Qatar Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Trade Policy of Qatar - Essay ExampleQatars economy has been growing in volume and resilience overtime and in fact it happens to be one of the fast growing and most dynamic economies of the world. The gross domestic product of Qatar registered an impressive growth of 33.8 percent in the year 2005 (Qatar Economic Review 2006). The rapidly growing oil and gas sector is the cornerstone of Qatars economy and is contributing immensely to the target of reshaping the national economy through diversification. Though it is true to say that the overall economic strength of Qatar is primarily dependent on the oil revenues, the share and contribution of the LPG in the national growth has definitely increased in the past few years. In the year 2005, the total share of oil and natural gas in the domestic GDP was 60 percent (Qatar Economic Review 2006). In terms of GDP growth, Qatar had performed unbelievably positively, recording an average growth of 19.9 percent in the period 2001-2005 (Qatar E conomic Review 2006). The fundamental reasons that lie behind the formidable economic growth of Qatar are an exceptional growth in the exports of LNG, crude and petrochemical cerebrate products. This factor has been further bolstered by the rise in the prices of crude in the international markets. In the year 2005, the oil and natural gas industry record an overall growth of 46.3 percent (Qatar Economic Review 2006). In contrast, the non-oil sector augmented by 18.8 percent (Qatar Economic Review 2006). In the year 1999, the GDP of Qatar was QR 45.1 billion (Qatar Economic Review 2006).

Future of Moderinization Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Future of Moderinization - Essay ExampleThe central concept in the study of social change is modernity, where social patterns emerge from the lap of industrialisation. In quotidian terms, modernity refers to the present in relation to the past. Sociologists use this gross concept to describe different social patterns, set in motion by the industrial Revolution of Western Europe during mid-eighteenth century. Modernisation, then, is the process of social change begun by industrialisation.Modernity shelters the progressive weakening, if not destruction, of the . . . relatively cohesive communities in which human beings give up found solidarity and meaning throughout most of history (Berger, 1977, 72). Small, isolated communities still exist in the United States, but they are sheltering only a petite percentage of the nations population. These days, any physical isolation is only geographic Cars, telephones, television, and computers give most far-flung and remote families the pulse of the larger beau monde and the accessibility to the entire world. People in traditional, preindustrial societies lived their lives as at mercy of forces that is gods, spirits, or simply fate that is beyond any human control. As the authority of tradition weakens, people come to see their lives as an unending series of options, a wide-open cielo of choices. Modernisation introduced a more rational and scientific rack as tradition loses its hold and people adopted more and more individual choice. The growth of cities, the expansion of impersonal bureaucracy, and the socio-cultural mix of people from various backgrounds have to encourage diverse beliefs and behavior. Modern people are not only forward-looking but also optimistic about new inventions and discoveries, which will amend their lives. Modern people organize daily routines down to the very minute. With the introduction of clocks in the late Middle Ages, Europeans began to think not in terms of

Media Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Media - Essay Examplethe formation of tender media and the Internet. The purpose of this paper is to discuss the kinship of Media and Middle east and how it has transformed in the past decades. Furthermore, the paper will discuss the emergence of social media as a major forum that has reinforced peoples perspectives during and after the Arab Spring.In order to understand Middle East (the Arab specifically and comprehensively), the relationship of the media and the states culture and its politics should be understood. For more than forty years, mass media authority has built the region. Utilizing the numerous communications models, the centralized government of the region has perfectly ruled the mass media. It is evidenced through and through history that the Middle East had had rough relationships with its media. The Emirs of antithetical Arab states due to Sharia Laws and other reasons shut down numerous media agencies. patronage the freedom given to the media, different media or ganizations including BBC were closed down in the Middle East as it was against the laws and Islam (Al-Obaidi).However, over the past few years, it has been noticed that the trend is transforming and the acceptance towards media across the Middle East is increasing. The shift has been observed since the beginning of the Arab Spring (Carrington). The events that took place in various countries of the Middle East from 2010 has transformed the way people think and believe. The role of social media in the Arab spring is dominating and its importance can not be denied as various scholars and researchers have shown that many revolutions started through social media i.e. Facebook, Twitter, YouTube, etc. (Gelvanovska, Rogy and Rossotto). Despite the fact that these social media forums were banned in many countries of the Middle East for this particular reason, the Arab Spring continued and many governments were brought down

Should Sugary Drinks Be Taxed Like Cigarettes Essay

Should Sugary Drinks Be Taxed Like Cigarettes - Essay ExampleThe people who oppose the imposition of taxes on honeyed drinks allow Mohammed Elzofri, a reported store owner Corky Booze, an alleged former auto racer and various agencies such as the American deglutition Association, which g overns the beverage industry and particularly supports companies such as Coke, Pepsi, Red Bull, and Gatorade (Should Sugary Drinks Be Taxed Like Cigarettes? Calif. City Considering Idea par. 25) as well as the Americans Against forage Taxes. According to Elzofri, imposing taxes on sweet-flavored drinks, particularly on sodas would significantly be detrimental to the poor people and to business owners like him. His support was that more than 80 percent of people who purchase from his store buy sugary drinks and thus, imposing a tax on these would definitely make the drinks more expensive and possibly prohibitive. It was revealed that a tax on a two-liter drink would be tantamount to an addition of 68 cents to the current selling price. Concurrently, Booze was reported to wear averred that the government should not dictate what people should or should not consume and the imposition of the tax on sugary drinks would be most hurtful to the topical anaesthetic community. He noted that the poor people who do not have the means to leave the city and purchase these drinks in other cities that do not impose taxes on them would be left with no options except to contend with these or not to purchase them at all. While other local citizens who could tolerate to leave Richmond would just purchase these drinks in other cities. This was corroborated by the American Beverage Association which shared Boozes contentions that the imposition of taxes on sugary drinks would be most hurtful to those who could not afford. On the other hand, the people who were reported to openly support the imposition of taxes on sugary drinks include Dr. Jeff Ritterman, a cardiologist and also the city coun cilman Doria Robinson, a noted community activist and Dr. Kristen Bibbin Domingo, who is allegedly an internist at the University of California, San Francisco. According to Ritterman, the imposition of taxes on sugary drinks is seen as an effective way to prevent obesity. This was supported by Domingo, who apparently conducted a study on the effect of a tax imposition on sugary drinks to health and medical costs. As disclosed by Domingo, a nationwide penny-per-ounce soda tax would reduce consumption by 15 percent and would, over a 10-year period, prevent several million diabetes cases and nearly 100,000 heart disease cases, as well as saving $17 billion in medical costs (Should Sugary Drinks Be Taxed Like Cigarettes? Calif. City Considering Idea par. 30). In addition to substantial savings on medical costs, the tax imposition would allegedly generate as much as $3 million in revenues, as alleged by Ritterman. These are definite benefits for the city and for the health of the constit uents. As added by Ritterman, the revenues could be earmarked from programs such as local sports fields, diabetes treatment for low-income children, and school-based nutrition classes (Should Sugary Drinks Be Taxed Like Cigarettes? Calif. City Considering Idea par. 12). Likewise, Robinson, the community activist concurred that a tax on sugary drinks would eventually assist in breaking the addiction on sodas and therefore, corroborates Ritterman

Theme park report Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Theme park report - Assignment ExampleMajor reasons identified in the research are world economic crisis, stiff topical anesthetic contender, low level of differentiation of services and negative image of the company regarding safety standards and bankruptcy filing. A discussion of possible solutions followed by testimonys concludes the paper. The major recommendation is to restructure the organization to enable a flatter structure for faster decision making and more employee empowerment. Introduction Theme park industry has evolved immensely over time. With a handful of theme park concentrated within US during the beginning of the 19th century, the industry has grown tremendously. US itself has 600 entertainment parks and attractions as per recent studies while Europe houses 300 of them (Woodside and Martin 2007). The industry is cyclical and is heavily dependent on weather conditions. For example, in US, 46% of the people cull going to theme parks during summers, 21% prefer sp ring while 18% prefer autumn season (Woodside and Martin 2007). ... The company has exclusive rights to sell products pusher these characters as well as use them for advertising and promoting the Six Flags brand (Six Flags Annual report 2010). The theme park has been through turbulent times and had to burden for bankruptcy because of the decline in visitors across its various sites. Three main reasons for this situation are as follows Deterioration of the US and European economies (yahoo.brand.edgar-online) Excessive competition from other entertainment avenues during financial crisis years Lack of differentiation from other competitor in entertainment experience provided to the customers The company needs to formulate a strategy that can help it overcome all the above difficulties. A reduction in entry fee or overall cost of entertainment, management on tie ups with other entertainers to reduce competition and encouraging innovation in services within the organization culture ca n be nigh of the solutions. We will discuss each of these issues and their solutions in greater detail in our ensuing sections. Methodology A research paper is incomplete without a advert of the methods employed to analyze and conclude a paper. Research involves selective information collection, its analysis and finally reaching a conclusion. Methodology helps in defining the research design, the right smart data is collected, the validity of the data and the limitations of the research. Two types of data have been used in the research uncreated and secondary. Data directly gathered from the company is the primary data. Secondary data is the one used from other researchers analyses. Most of the data used in the ensuing paper is the secondary data from books and journals and

ABBREVIATION ERRORS Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

ABBREVIATION ERRORS - Assignment Exampled that the Institute of Medicine report that more than 7,000 deaths a year are due to medication errors which was published in their 1999 review To Err is Human (Landers ). Due to this disturbing report, a running game was launched in 2006 by FDA and IMP to reduce errors, wherein one of the main thrusts of that campaign was to eliminate some error-prone notations like U and IU ( FDA press release 2006 )The pastime three abbreviations chosen that were prone to error are the following BT ( bedtime ),q1d ( once a day-after-day), and u ( for units ). BT is commonly mistaken as BID ( twice daily ) which can be lethal when the medication can cause extreme reactions to the patient when an over dose is given. Another mistake would be q1d which can be thought of as 4 times daily since it closely resembles qid .thus, administering a dosage four times the original dosage can have lift other unwanted symptoms such as allergy or even shock that can com plete the doctors treatment. The third abbreviation is u ( units ) which is commonly mistaken 0 or 4 thereby increasing the dosage as much as ten times. Consequently, the result would be an overdose that would stress out the liver or kidneys of the patient which can cause serious complications or even death.The Purpose of the safety goals is to promote safety when employ abbreviations in prescribing. The Goals main focus is clarity in written communication that will result to correct administration of

Organizational culture is fundamentally about symbolic meaning and as Essay - 11

Organizational culture is fundament on the wholey about symbolic meaning and as such(prenominal) cannot be managed. Discuss - Essay Example obscure from this, the visit also guides decisions on choice of theories, authors and exclusion of irrelevant material. After the identification of appropriate denomination material, it was necessary to use such materials in a suitable manner. Using the resources forces a researcher to engage in in-depth reading to properly analyze ideas (Beard et al 2009, p. 56).Critically engaging the questions set for the essay is contingent using several approaches. The initial step is exploring critical texts on the same topic with the intention of making comparisons. Another way of achieving critical engagement is analyzing all components of the question to understand it better. For example, the question for this assignment has three components that include organizational culture, symbolic meaning and management. Critical engagement requires that one expl ore the three components of the assignment question (Oleary 2004 p. 84).Evaluating the quality of sources that one wishes to use is mandatory to attain success in this assignment. One would expect that the books on the reading list would be helpful. This explains why it is fundamental to assess the quality of the suggested books. The evaluation of quality is not simple because it requires knowledge of several scholarly articles. Quality materials should also be peer reviewed because such sources have been exposed to adequate criticism. This suggests evaluating quality of assignment sources includes confirmations of whether the sources have been peer reviewed. Apart from peer reviews, quality of sources is manifest in the qualification of their authors (Cooper 2004 p. 36).Experienced authors gift quality sources that make it easy to complete such assignments at a speedy rate. The quality of sources also depends on the depth of the research that the author takes in advance producing the book. This suggests that a book that covers general aspect of management

Citibank Budgeting Essay Example for Free

Citibank Budgeting Essay1. Analysis of Budget Process at Citibank Direction and control of Citibanks international branches argon conducted via two formal management functioninges. Each year, top management sets sovereign jeopardy limits for its in reliant branches immorald on proposals by verdant managers. Country managers whitethorn choose to operate with self-imposed limits below this upper guideline. Following, at that place is the figure setting process, where headquarters only provides administrative guidelines but non specific targets, with operating managers being responsible for budgets for the following year. Indonesia often set their targets above these long-term goals. feat is measured and compared against the budget each month, and a advanced prefigure, which will be reviewed by the division manager, is drawn up each quarter for the remainder of the year.This structure of bottom-up budgeting is appropriate for a decentralized fast like Citibank. This is e vident from the freedom Mr Mistri has over Indonesias operations and the different business segments and divisions, as shown in Exhibit 2 3. Such a participative process is probably to increase management commitment to achieve the targets since country managers are responsible for influencing their own targets. More importantly, country managers know the local business surround and culture better than group managers, therefore their targets are likely to be more accurate and realistic.Furthermore, bottom-up budgeting is a form of action control piece of music the frequent reviews of the budgets serves as preaction review. Both facilitate information sharing within the organisation, with long-term strategic goals of the self-coloured being communicated downwards and local business potentials and risks conveyed up via the budgets and forecasts. They alike encourage managers to think further ahead about what they want to achieve in the near future.However, Citibanks budgeting proc ess appears to have an imbalanced center with most of the emphasis placed only on financial measures. Although these measures can be easily obtained and are inexpensive because they are by-products of the accounting system, it does not in full represent all aspects of the organizations strategies and goals. Instead, the budget could be restructured to include early(a) non-financial aspects such as customer satisfaction and employee morale to obtain a balance, which will be vital towards the long term success of Citibank.None of Citibanks budget items extend beyond the next year instead there is an emphasis on a fixed pithy horizon. This can result in managers developing a myopic focus instead of measuring the close of Citibanks long-term goals or the local governments societal expectations. Myopia is aggravated by the monthly surgical procedure reviews which reveals the focus on short term goals. Citibank should look at its budget with a longer horizon.Moreover, the budgeting process in Citibank appears to be tedious and too time-consuming. The requirement for operating managers to conduct discussions and forecast all the line items shown on the submission form seems to take up significant time and effort. Such a process could be costly for the firm in terms of opportunity costs related to unnecessary time and resources spent. The benefits of such a tedious budgeting process must be high becoming to justify the related costs.Also, there seems to be no connection and a mismatch between the two management processes. It is only reasonable that these two processes should go hand in hand as higher returns may only be possible with a higher risk appetite. However, increase in emolument goals is not matched by an increase in risk tolerance (sovereign risk limit). Moreover, sovereign risk limits is set yearly but not adjusted when budgets are revised each quarter. Citibank should consider allowing country/division managers to adjust risk limits to match any r evisions in budgets during the year.Use of the Budget for Performance Evaluation of Managers Performance is monitored e real month against budgets, and incentive compensation for managers were associate to budget-related performance. Incentive compensation could range up to approximately 70% of base salary although awards of 30-35% were more typical. fillment of bonuses were based approximately 30% on corporate performance and 70% on individual performance, primarily performance related to forecast.This emphasizes results accountability as it involves honor the managers for generating good results that are aligned to the budgets. As such, it influences actions because it causes employees to be concerned about the consequences of the actions they take. However, the contradiction in this is that while these managers will not be constrained in what actions they can take to achieve their goals, they are also empowered to take whatever actions they believe will best produce these desi red results. Hence, it is highly dependent on personnel controls with regards to the managers hired.Provided that budgets were adequately set with appropriately extent of goal gruelingy, these budgets act as results controls and affects a managers motivation since the targets are linked to performance evaluations and compensation. Furthermore, it is beneficial that managers compensation is tied directly to both individual(70%) and corporate performance(30%), allowing a larger perspective to be considered. Differentiation of base earnings from extraordinary earnings for which managers are not held accountable for is in line with the controllability principle. This is vital because setting performance targets to attain for each measure allows the managers to measure their performance and also get rewarded, encouraging behaviors that lead to desired results. As such, this will promise manager rewards that provide the most powerful motivational personal effects in the most cost effect ive ways possible.However, performance evaluations based on budgeted information is backward looking (extrapolating past trends) while it is best that the evaluations be forward looking. It should be evaluated based on the future cash flow/profits that can be brought to the firm instead of historical performance to raise a higher performance in the future.Furthermore, as their compensation is tied to meeting targets, it might promote game-playing and politics. As for Citibank, their culture encourages aggressive mark-ups to budget with managers invariably setting challenging budgets. For Mr Mistri, he will feel the extra pressure since the aggressive targets can barely be met with the deteriorating conditions in Indonesia.In conclusion, the current budget and performance evaluation system, which is mainly bottom up with top down guidance, matches the decentralized structure of Citibank. Although there seems to be trade-offs and problems with Citibanks current bottom up budgeting s ystem, there is no perfect budget system to bestly serve all the different purposes of budgeting. What Citibank can do is to put in place measures to background some of these shortcomings.2. Are managers at Citibank committed to achieving budget targets?Yes, managers are committed as a result of their freedom to set their own budgets subject to guidelines provided by top management.Mr Mistri can choose to operate with a self imposed sovereign risk limit which is lower than the one approved by the impertinent York Headquarter if he thinks that the one set by the top management is too aggressive. The fact that he has control over this means that he will be less pressurised to set unrealistic goals or engage in budget slacks. These will garner higher commitment from managers since the budgets set are not regulatory and offer flexibility to managers according to the business conditions.The commitment to achieve targets is augmented as incentive compensation for managers is linked to budget-related performance. Thus they will work towards acquire more incentives for themselves through surpassing the budgeted forecast. On the other hand, the amount of commitment may be limited by the constant revision of budgets each quarter. Managers may be less motivated to hit their budget target if they know that those targets can be revised lower in the next quarter if performance was unsatisfactory. In addition, the frequent changes may make managers unfocused and reduce their motivation to work towards the goals set.If so, are the budget targets too challenging?The targets may prove to be too challenging. This can be shown by the fact that although incentive compensation could range up to 70% of base salary, awards of 30-35% were more typical, implying that it may be difficult to surpass the budgeted levels. Furthermore, Mr Mistri felt that the increased profit goal by $500K to $1mil set by Mr Gibson is too much as the budget he submitted is already very aggressive, judg ing by the bleak short term outlook due to the decrease in oil prices. This is supported by the self-imposed sovereign risk limit that Mr Mistri is operating at in order to minimise his exposure which will reduce the likelihood of the firm achieving higher returns due to the lower risk.We also doubt the achievability of the budget set. Though the forecasts and budgets are set by the operating managers themselves, we have to take into consideration Citibanks risk-taking culture. While challenging targets mystify motivation, the aggressive year-on-year increase in targets might prove to be detrimental to the achievement of the firms strategic objectives. Firstly, this is especially so when targets are not adjusted in times of bad macroeconomic conditions. With the incentive compensation for managers linked to budget-related performance, it seems that managers might be motivated to set unrealistic targets and employ overly risky methods to accomplish them. Such a system would eventua lly serve to promote short-term gains at the expense of long-term losses for the organisation. In addition, the exercise of comparing essential performance to budgeted amount monthly is too short termed and may render managers to become myopic. This may encourage managers to engage in gamesmanship such as earnings management, manipulating data to receive additional bonuses especially towards the end of a quarter.Is there any record of budget gaming?Yes, there is evidence of budget gaming. The main reason Mr Mistri used to justify his less than ideal budget (as compared to Mr Gibsons) is likely to be false and there are unhealthy motivations for him to engage in such behaviour.Mr Mistri justified his budget by claiming that the Indonesian economy had slipped into a recession when oil prices decreased significantly. This is supported by the fact that Citibanks Indonesian operations growth paralleled that of the Indonesian economy. However, evidence in Exhibit 4 suggests otherwise, revealing both the net and inflation-adjusted GDP of Indonesia to be increasing steady over time. Even in 1983, GDP increased 5%. Moreover, a fall in oil prices will not necessarily lead to a recession. As such, Mr Mistris concerns are unlikely to be true and a simple check by the group managers would have allowed this to be uncovered. Moreover, even though Indonesias economy is highly dependent on oil prices, a fall in oil prices is also likely to affect Citibanks other operations in different regions. The group managers will probably have considered this effect when setting the $4mil profit goal for South East Asia.In our opinion, Mr Mistri is likely to be acting as a Sandbagger. By presenting less ambitious budgets, there will be higher likelihood of positive variances in actual performance. Given that compensation is tied to budget-related performance, such gaming behavior will probably increase Mr Mistris bonuses and salary.Another motive for budget gaming could be to cover up the ongoing high staff turnover problem with the bad economic conditions. Mr Mistri just lost his chief of staff and two fourth-year officers, and is concerned with constraints to growth due to his lack of experienced staff. This could in turn affect his bonus and salary. Since managers are not accountable for extraordinary earnings or losses at Citibank, by blaming the external economy (recession) for a less aggressive budget rather than on internal problems, his bonuses will not be affected.Furthermore, Mr Minstri has the freedom to operate at a sovereign risk limit lower than the groups since country managers are given substantial liberty in deciding their countrys budget and risk limits. He is likely to be able to get away with a less than optimal budget if his group manager trusts him. This way, his budget gaming behavior will escape the suspicions of Mr Gibson and other group/division managers.